1086 Abbott Desiderius of Monte Cassino becomes Pope - Bl Victor III (1086-1087)

1153 Malcolm IV becomes King of Scotland (1153-1165)

1370 Peace treaty between the Hanseatic League and Denmark

1487 The Pseudo-Edward V (Lambert Simnel) crowned King of England, in Ireland

1568 Battle of Groningen: Dutch defeat the Spanish

1658 Battle of the Dunes: Anglo-French troops defeat the Spanish near Dunkirk

1689 Parliament guarantees freedom of religion, for Protestants

1764 James Otis coins the phrase "No taxation without representation!"

1818 Andrew Jackson illegally captures Pensacola from the Spanish, which is shortly returned

1822 Battle of Pichincha: Bolivar secures the independence of Peru

1846 Mexican War -- Battle of Monterey: Zachary Taylor captures the city from the Mexicans

1861 Alexandria, VA, occupied by Federal troops

1861 Benjamin Butler declares fugitive slaves Frank Baker, Shepard Mallory, & James Townsend "contraband of war"

1864 Gala reception welcoming the "14th Brooklyn" (84th New York Volunteers) home after three years of war

1871 The Paris Commune begins a massacre of Catholic clergy

1877 The Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) meets Lillie Langtry

1883 The Brooklyn Bridge opens

1900 Britain annexes Orange Free State

1916 Britain introduces conscription

1916 Germans capture Ft. Douaumont, Verdun, from the French

1930 Amy Johnson becomes the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia

1939 The McCann Rescue Chamber saves 33 sailors from the sunken 'Squalus' (SS-192), the only time the device has ever been used

1941 Battle of the Denmark Straits: the 'Bismarck' sinks HMS 'Hood', 1,416 killed - only 3 survivors

1941 Italian troop transport 'Conte Rosso' is sunk by HM Submarine 'Upholder' in the Central Mediterranean, c. 1,200 die

1944 Enver Hoxha becomes head of Albanian anti-fascist movement1944US carrier aircraft raid Wake Island.

1958 Cuban President/Dictator Fulgencio Batista opens an offensive against Fidel Castro's rebels

1959 Pleasant Hills, Pa: first home with built-in bomb shelter exhibited

1962 Scott Carpenter goes into earth orbit aboard 'Aurora 7'

1980 Iran rejects a call by World Court to release US hostages

1989 French WW II war criminal Paul Touvier arrested in a monastery in Nice